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of years man had looked to the heavens with a curious eye and asked himself what's out

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there?

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For the last 20 years things have changed a bit.

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Now there may be evidence that whatever is out there is becoming a little curious too.

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It all started in 1947 when a veteran pilot saw a number of discs in the sky and described

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them as looking like saucers skipping through the water.

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And the term flying saucer was coined.

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Since then there have been over 11,000 reported sightings of unidentified flying objects.

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This possibility of visitors from outer space kindled a new type of literature done in

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cheap books about little green men and detailed scientific studies about the possibility of

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life on other planets.

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But I'm dealing with saucers, UFOs, and the question is their destination Earth.

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Today on College Report, Sister Ann Jude, PhD in Professor of Chemistry at Immaculate Heart

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College, leads us on a tour of this literature of the UFO.

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I'm Bob Wright.

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A sister just out of a chemistry professor began interested in unidentified flying objects.

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You know Bob, so many people ask me what I thought of unidentified flying objects or

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UFOs that I got tired of saying I don't know because I didn't know very much about them.

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So a few months ago I was asked to do a book review study and so I decided to look at the

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literature.

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I was amazed at the number of books and the number of studies and the number of sightings

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that there were.

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So this is kind of how I became interested in this.

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But it's certainly been much in the news in recent years.

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Just how long have these reports been circulated?

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Well, flying saucer age I suppose began in 1947 when that veteran pilot, you mentioned

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Kenneth Arnold, boosted our mind flying saucers.

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However, there are accounts in history that can be interpreted as UFOs.

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Wilkins has a very interesting book in which he shows how a digit writing says 5,500 years

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ago that he interprets as flying saucers.

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And then he shows accounts of every century, heat skin, that can be interpreted as accounts

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of UFOs.

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Where are some of the current writings on UFOs?

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Well, there are some of the reasons that I became interested in them.

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There are at least three regular publications which show you sightings and newspaper articles

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and so on.

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One by the NICAP group, the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, and two others.

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These are monthly and non-monthly publications which tell very much about the sightings.

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Since January, the sightings have averaged about 100 a week, which is a very large number

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of sightings.

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What about the Air Force?

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Does it put out any literature on the subject?

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The Air Force puts out reviews occasionally.

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The Air Force of course is the most important group or at least the group that is responsible

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for our spies and defending us and so on.

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So since 1947, they've had a project that has been the current house and so on for all

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of the unidentified flying objects.

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They put out this project, Blue Book, in which they try to show the sightings and so on.

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By their numbers, there have been over 11,000 detailed sightings reported to them.

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Now, the Air Force group claims to explain 99% of these sightings in many different ways.

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The NICAP group, the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, the NICAP group

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has shown that the Air Force has explained things, sometimes the explanation is given

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even before the sighting has been clearly defined and so on.

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I do think the Air Force is a little bit defensive about this.

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Yes, it would seem that maybe it would be a little bit defensive.

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As I mentioned, the Air Force claims that it's saying 99% where the NICAP group will say

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that natural phenomena can be used in explaining about 60% of them.

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There are the groups that are actually studying these reports.

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You've mentioned the Air Force, NICAP, has another one called, the initials are ASCA,

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or something like that.

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Yes, the Amalgamated Flying Flosses Clubs in America.

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Now, this is a group of people, many of whom claim to have contacted the people at outer space.

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And they're really a different type of group probably than the NICAP.

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They're making for a ride on the fly.

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Many of them have written books and have told about the rides that they have taken and so on.

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It's actually a much smaller group and it has a different purpose than NICAP.

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There's another group, the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization, or APRIL.

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And this group also tries to study phenomena.

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Far though, the one that has the most extensive files and the exendemental serious work is the NICAP group.

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The Air Force is doing something along these lines too.

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The Air Force has given recently a $300,000 grant to the University of Colorado.

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And they were very fortunate to get a very eminent physicist, Dr. Edward Connard, to lead the project.

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And what the University of Colorado study is supposed to do is approach the unidentified flying object and sighting reports from a point of view of physicists, meteorologists, psychologists, and so on.

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Well, the 11,000 sightings reported are some pretty weird shapes must have been described.

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Could you show us some of the types of ureth bones?

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Well, we have a chart here that was prepared by the Air Force.

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What the Air Force did was take the sightings, the accounts of people who saw the unidentified flying object, and they fed the description to the people gave into a computer.

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And the computer came up with these nine drawings.

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And as you see, they're very different.

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Some are saucer shaped or similar to saucer shaped.

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Some look very much like a football, summer cigar shaped.

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Some have other shapes.

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But these seem to be the most common sightings, the common shapes.

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What about speeds, velocity?

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Well, you know, Bob, it's very hard to make any statement about speed because you really see how fast the cigar shaped saucer was going.

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You'd have to know how big it is and how far away it is.

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And really, in most cases, in the Rowan Islands, it's really a known myth.

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So it's very hard to make any statement on speed.

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Some of the witnesses claim that they think these were going to get fantastic speeds.

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Right. But then when a scientist will interpret or try to interpret what is meant by a fantastic speed, it's simply impossible to do so if you don't know more about the object than we know.

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Well, create all of these sightings, all 11,000 of them, be explained as natural phenomena in one way or another.

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Many, many of them can.

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For example, we have so many rockets and satellites and so on.

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And if you are an untrained observer and you don't know that there's a rocket in your vicinity and you see one, for you, it's an unidentified flying object.

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And until someone like Narcap or the Air Force can connect a known rocket with the position in the sky that you report your UFO, it will remain an unidentified flying object.

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But many of them can be explained.

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As I mentioned that I can't get 60% of the Army, the Air Force, excuse me, gets 99% to explain this.

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Rapids, missiles, flaks of birds, flaks of birds can even be picked up on radar.

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You know, many of these UFOs are picked up on radar.

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The Air Force has sent planes out to investigate radar spots on radars and so on.

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And also cloud formations.

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We have a very interesting slide to show you tonight.

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And this slide, you can see that this could very easily be interpreted as a flying saucer if you didn't see the edge of the cloud, but only cloud the center part.

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This is one of many unusual cloud formations.

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And it is possible that many of the UFOs can be identified in this way.

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There are other ways too. For example, Dr. Heineck at the Air Force advisory, an astronomer, has recently given Marsh gas, has given Marsh gas as an example of an explanation for some UFOs.

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None of these explanations to all of them.

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Another explanation that has been given is Varages.

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We have an interesting picture here.

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An astronomer at Harvard, or rather two astronomers, helped the idea.

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They some could be explained this way.

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And so they went out into the desert and so they could take this picture.

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Now if you notice, this is a picture of reaches and mountains.

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And the far distant ridge, the weather conditions are such that the ridge is reflected above itself.

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So you can see the peaks being reflected and you can see these merogits or images above the mountain.

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Now if you were in a funeral down in this little valley here, see where all the dust is, it might be that you don't see the mountain at all, that it is covered up by dust or something.

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And all you would see would be this reflection.

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Well now if you saw this reflection in the sky, you could see, you know, an identified flying object.

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I see. What's your advice to those of us who think we have seen such objects?

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Well first of all, we should make a very detailed measurement.

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And even before that, first of all, you should never go out without a camera, noted at our time, so that you can take a picture.

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Now I'm really being serious here.

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We need pictures of these unidentified flying objects.

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As I mentioned, they're being seen at a rate of 100 a week.

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Many of them are naturally explainable, but we need more pictures to explain the ones that we can and then to study the ones that we can't explain.

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So what you should do if you see one is take a picture if you possibly can, call witnesses, anyone who's nearby, call them.

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Then take an accurate account of the time and try to pick an object, a special object like a telephone pole or a building or a tree,

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and then measure whether the object is north or south and how far north or south, and then make a report on it.

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Now if you want, you can report to the newspapers.

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I don't advise this myself because very often the newspapers will make fun of your unidentified flying object report.

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There have even been very cell cases of people who have lost their jobs for reporting that they have seen an unidentified flying object.

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Well, not sure we do it. We think we saw one.

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Well, you should make this detailed report and either call your nearest Air Force office or mail it to the Air Force office.

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You can mail it to your local office or you can mail it to Wright Patterson Air Force Base where the National Blue Book Headquarters is.

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Or you can contact the University of Colorado. You can write them.

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Or you can contact a not-capped group which has subcommittees in most of the major cities in the United States.

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But for sure you should make a report and try to get as many witnesses to sign your report as possible.

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I see. I get your point. Well, some sightings have been photographed, right?

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Yes, there are many photographs of sightings. We have some here today, some very interesting ones that were provided to me by the local not-capped subcommittee.

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These were taken off the coast of South America by army people onboard a ship so that it seems a lot like these pictures could be hopes.

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The first one, which we have here as a slide for you, which is a better picture, shows the unidentified flying object just coming over here on this island.

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The second one is an enlargement of the first picture and it gives a great detail here in this picture of the unidentified flying object.

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There are other pictures that are available but these are among the most pictures that are hard to use count.

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Well, I certainly would admit that those are interesting pictures and they do look real but anyone who has worked with photography knows that it is rather easy to fake such things.

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And this is what makes it so very difficult because there are really many fake pictures around.

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Not-capped so far has only announced or has given its reputation to about eight or nine pictures that they claim are not done purposes and cannot be explained, like the ones that we just saw here of the South American picture.

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Now, we have another picture here, which is a photograph which was flying across the crux of America, the steward.

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Now, it's impossible, I'm looking at this postcard to tell whether this is a hoax or not.

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Many people that I've shown it to immediately will say that it has to be a hoax.

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I don't know but without the negative and so on you simply can't tell a picture like this.

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And of course this is why I tell you to travel with your camera, at all times we need more pictures.

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We have another interesting picture over here.

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I've been watching that one with great interest while we've been sitting here.

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It is unbelievable to me.

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Well, first of all, I'll tell you where it is which makes it even more unbelievable.

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This is an insurance building in Hartford, Connecticut and you'll see the building is completely surrounded by flying saucers.

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Now, you'd think if so many flying saucers invaded a big city in the United States, like Hartford, you would have heard of it.

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Have you heard of an Asian-Hartford green thing?

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No, I've already told them about that.

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Well, let me turn the picture upside down.

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And when I do this, you see, you're not seeing the building at all, you're seeing a reflection.

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And now when I point it out to you, you can see that the building is kind of cute as it would be in a reflection.

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You'll see the water surface is not even.

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And what you're looking at is water on a steel girder.

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And the rivets are sticking up out of the water.

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So all of these flying saucers are the rivets and the rivets' reflection in the water.

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What you're seeing is the building's reflection.

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The only thing that's not reflection is the top corner of the photograph.

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That easily has to be the photograph of the year, I would say.

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Well, it certainly is a beautiful photograph.

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This photograph appeared in a recent issue of Look Magazine, a special edition that they had on flying saucers.

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What is the literature on flying saucers? Is it some of it serious or is it all sort of the...

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Much of it is serious, some of it...

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Well, I really should say that all of it is serious to the authors.

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So that even the books that you and I might discount as being non-serious are serious to the people who wrote them.

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I think that the literature follows in many different classes.

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For example, there are very serious scientific studies of the possibility in life of outer space and how we will communicate with it,

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how we will journey to outer space someday.

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Our scientists already are planning what we may do in 50 years or 100 years or 500 years.

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Then there are some books where the premise is that these unidentified flying objects not only come from outer space,

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but a pre-tent has been sent to us.

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And so we have some books like this.

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We have many books which are accounts of sightings of unidentified flying objects.

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Two that are very interesting are both written by John Fuller, who is a journalist.

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John Fuller had an interesting idea.

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He thought that if you take one incident of sightings of UFOs and you go to the place where they had been sighted,

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and you interview the police and the airports and all the people who saw them, old and young, educated, non-educated and so on,

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and you spend time doing this, but you could explain all of these unidentified flying objects.

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Well, the incident he picked was in Exeter, New Hampshire.

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His conclusion after almost a year of study and writing was, you can't explain to the incident at Exeter.

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While he was there, a couple contacted him to tell their story.

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They had gotten very ugly and adverse publicity in a blasted newspaper.

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They claimed to have seen a flying saucer during a night trip, and this became a great problem for them,

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and they consulted psychiatrists about it.

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And because of the adverse publicity, the psychiatrists even had an introduction to this book.

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They wanted their story told the way they think it really happened.

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This book is a very interesting one.

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Perhaps more interest to someone who's really interested in studying UFOs than that book would be many books that are available,

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which talked about the entire subject.

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There are certain people that have spent years studying it.

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They may have published books that are very serious studies of the entire phenomena

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and also try to talk not only about sightings in the United States, but sightings other places too.

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As I mentioned earlier, they've been seen all over the world.

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Every continent, practically every country, in fact I probably could say every country has seen them and so on.

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And then the last books, I don't have too many examples here, are the people that are called the contactees,

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the people who have actually claimed to have contacted many of the claim to have gone to Mars and Saturn and so on.

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Where I started my study was at the Los Angeles Public Library.

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The Los Angeles City Public Library has a very excellent and extensive collection of UFO literature in a very special collection.

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They don't mind it, it's a collection kept there in their reference room, but it's a very complete study.

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And if anyone is interested in reading many of the books, they can be obtained there, although they cannot be circulated.

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You have to do your studying there, so that really for someone who's going to study the subject.

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What would you say has been the impact of all of these books and this discussion on our society?

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Well, you know, many of the people who, well the group of course, the contactee group,

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the group who claim to have taken trips to outer space, or contacted them,

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and then the other people who if they haven't actually contacted someone from outer space wish that they would have contacted.

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They form a special group that I think is very easy to understand in our own civilization

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because in many people's minds their concept of God is a very materialistic God.

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The God to whom you pray at night that he would cause the sun to rise the next morning,

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the God that would cause each individual physical action to happen.

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Well, you know, in our present scientific and technological oriented society, this God is dead.

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The God that caused each physical action.

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So now they invent people from the planet?

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They invent people from other planets.

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We think they invent them. We're not sure, are we?

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Well, in most cases, I think we are pretty sure.

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They invent people who come and give them very beautiful words and advice

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that we should stop our wars, that we should solve our economic problems.

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But it's interesting when you try to track down the most beautiful passages that people have sent from outer space,

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you find that you can find almost the same passage in Shakespeare or the Bible or something like that.

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I suppose it's on the viewer's side on our society.

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Oh, it does have its humorous side.

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I have a very humorous, at least I think it's very humorous, you'll appear today.

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This shows two people from outer space.

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Just a ride, hiding behind a billboard, and then they see a truck coming loaded with cars.

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And one says to the other, let's wait for the next one, this one's the mother.

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I see what you mean.

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This is what illustrates our attributing to these people, their human, very American quality,

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to our great honor for mother and so on.

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Let me ask you another question.

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You talked about taking cameras with us and you told me I wish you'd carry a color camera.

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Right.

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Because we don't have any color pictures and we'd like some.

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The only color picture, or practically the only color picture that I could find,

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the only one I have here tonight, is this one, which has been taken.

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Now you see a very interesting color here.

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This may be, in fact, it probably is, some natural electrical or optical or some other disturbance,

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but we don't know what it is.

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And so if you carried your camera with you loaded at all times, and you actually saw an object that you couldn't identify,

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you could take its picture, that we have more films and negatives, the pictures like this,

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we could lead to many more conclusions.

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Meanwhile, aside from the sightings that individuals have been making and occasionally photographing,

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what has the scientific community been doing to really find out if there is life elsewhere than here on Earth?

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Well, there are many people who are studying this problem.

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The assumption of our scientific community is that there is life in outer space,

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and that the universe is so very large that it's most improbable that we would be the only planet that would have life.

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Our most interesting book was recently published by an American astronomer and a Russian astronomer, co-authors of this book.

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And one of the projects that are on the drawing boards and some that are actually in existence,

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are described in this book as a Project Osmo, where two years ago we tried to listen to outer space to see if anyone was communicating with us.

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We have a slide today on the telescope that was used in this Project Osmo.

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Now, when you're listening to outer space, you have the problem that

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you have to decide where to listen.

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There's not a room.

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There's not a room.

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Now, even if more important though than some of these scientific studies, which are for the far, far distant future,

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is the need for studying these UFOs right now?

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Yes, excuse me, we're about to run out of time and I do want to ask you, is that your basic conclusion to all of this?

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We should study them more.

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Our basic conclusion is that we really must study them more, but there are too many that we simply cannot explain.

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We need more groups like NCAP, which is doing a very fine job in trying to study investigations.

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Like these pictures we see here?

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Yes, these are the Heslin photographs, which were taken here in Southern California.

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And there are three pictures like this.

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Heslin took these.

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The other pictures, which are available, but we need more pictures.

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The Air Force originally said that Heslin's pictures were a hoax.

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He, after that, demanded that his congressmen contact them and they said they were not a hoax.

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We're seeing now some of the slides that we do have that simply cannot be explained.

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We need more pictures like this and we need more study.

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I mentioned these are coming in now. The reports are coming in about a hundred a week.

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The University of Colorado is studying them.

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There are private groups like NCAP that are studying them, but we need more serious scientists to look at this problem.

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If you were allowed to do exactly what you want to do in this field, and you go as far as you want, what would you like to do in it?

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How would you go about studying it?

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I'd like to see one myself.

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And I suppose to do this, I'd have to do...

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Well, I don't know. I would want to interview as many people as possible who have seen them.

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People like scientists and trie pilots and people who are good observers.

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I would want to go and interview them.

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And of course there are groups that are doing this.

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You were saying that the Air Force said it explains 99%, but NCAP says only 60%, that you have some doubts yourself,

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that all of these can be explained away as natural phenomena.

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With the present time, I would say that it's a reasonable hypothesis that some of these may come from outer space.

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This time we do not have any proof for it.

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It is quite evident to me from the reading and study that I have done that we can't explain these, so we do need to study them.

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There's not proof either way.

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And as a scientist you are waiting until more evidence is added to make a purchase?

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Not just waiting, I'm urging people, especially scientists like physicists and meteorologists and so on,

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to really do some serious study of this.

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What has been the overall impact of these reports and the study of UFOs on religion?

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Has there been any noticeable effect that you've been observing?

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No, except that some of the contactee groups have come up with some of these very far out or cookie kind of religions.

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And you know here in Los Angeles or in Southern California we seem to draw more of these than usual.

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Even if it were someday proven that indeed some of these objects have been visitations from outer space,

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that would do little to affect your conception of religion and God as it now is.

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Of course this would present many interesting theological questions and so on.

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The question is that it would surely be premature for me to make comments on now, but it surely would present questions.

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However we do expect, when I say we here, scientists will do expect that in our vast universe,

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which is so very large, that there are other civilizations which have developed the life we have.

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This could certainly be reconciled with the God of an infinite universe.

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Oh yes, oh yes.

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I wish I could ask you more questions when I free time, you have just run out on us so I'll say thank you very much.

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Sister and you, the unusual hobby is just an example of the many interesting things that are a part of campus life at Immaculate Heart College.

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For information about Immaculate Heart and the other ten independent colleges which have participated in this television series,

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we've prepared this college fact sheet which contains information about all of these member colleges.

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Thank you.